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研究揭示拉伸纪具开口的圆盘状化石为藻类固着器
科研人员在安徽淮南地区的九里桥组(~950–720 Ma)泥质灰岩中,获得了丰富的以碳质压膜形式保存的、以管状化石与圆盘状化石为主的宏体化石。在“蠕虫状”化石的产出层位发现了大量圆盘状化石,推测是Protoarenicola单独保存的固着器。
圆盘状和管状化石是元古宙常见的化石类型。由于其形态较为简单,圆盘状化石的亲缘关系和个体发育多处于未知状态。此前的研究显示,一些埃迪卡拉纪具代表性的圆盘状化石,如Hiemalora、Aspidella、Spriggia和Ediacaria,是同层位的底栖埃迪卡拉型宏体化石的离散固着器结构。在成冰纪之前的地层中,同样记录着圆盘状化石与具固着器的管状藻类化石的同层位保存,并且圆盘状化石与固着器之间具有一定的形态相似性,比如它们的中间区域都具有圆心开口等。因此,这种具开口的圆盘状化石也有可能是离散保存的固着器结构,然而这种可能性尚未得到严格的检验。
我国华北地台胶辽徐淮地区的拉伸纪地层保存了大量的宏体化石,为我们检验上述假说提供了较多的材料。近年来,来自中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所早期生命研究团队的李光金博士、研究员庞科等人,与南京大学、山东科技大学的科研人员合作,在安徽淮南地区的九里桥组(~950–720 Ma)泥质灰岩中,获得了丰富的以碳质压膜形式保存的、以管状化石与圆盘状化石为主的宏体化石。相关成果近日发表在国际地学SCI期刊《古地理、古气候、古生态》(Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology)上。
其中,管状化石除常见的Tawuia(塔乌藻)之外,有一类被前人描述为形似“蠕虫”的化石,包括Protoarenicola、Pararenicola以及Sinosabellidites,以发育特征性横纹的管体为主。三类化石的主要区别在于Protoarenicola在管体近端连接着一个圆盘状结构;Pararenicola的管体近端具有一个圆心开口;而Sinosabellidites的管体两端均为封闭状态。在早期的研究中这些“蠕虫状”化石曾被解释为后生动物化石,但在后期研究中人们认为其更有可能是多核体藻类(因此本文将三个属名分别译为:原沙蠋藻Protoarenicola、似沙蠋藻Pararenicola、中华皱节虫藻Sinosabellidites)。“蠕虫状”化石Protoarenicola的圆盘状结构则被解释成固着器,用于将管状藻体吸附于基底,从而营底栖生活。
科研人员在“蠕虫状”化石的产出层位发现了大量圆盘状化石。部分圆盘状化石被鉴定为元古宙常见的Chuaria(丘尔藻),还有一部分圆盘状化石,因其与Protoarenicola的固着器在形态和大小上均较为相似,研究人员推测是Protoarenicola单独保存的固着器。为检验这一假设,研究人员还开展了详细的形态学、生物统计学和拉曼光谱研究。
新发现的圆盘状化石以中心位置具有圆形开口为主要特征,开口直径通常小于化石直径的一半;开口边缘保存较多的有机质,而开口内部有机质则相对较少(图1A-F)。研究人员通过对大量标本的测量,结果显示圆盘状化石的直径分布与同层位产出的Chuaria(图1G,H)具有显著差异性,而与Protoarenicola固着器的直径具有相似的分布特征(图2)。更有趣的是,部分同层位产出的Protoarenicola固着器中心也具有开口的特征,且开口边缘可见较多的有机质,内部有机质则相对较少(图3A-M)。测量显示,圆盘状化石中心开口的直径与Protoarenicola固着器的中心开口的直径同样具有相似的分布特征(图2)。
通过拉曼光谱分析,研究显示圆盘状化石与Chuaria的化学空间(chemospace)无重叠,而与Protoarenicola的固着器具有较大的化学空间重叠(图4)。因此,圆盘状化石被解释为Protoarenicola离散保存的固着器。此外,圆盘状化石的开口直径与不具固着器的Pararenicola藻体近端开口的直径(图3N-P)也具有相似的分布特征(图2),且拉曼化学空间也具有较大重叠区域(图4),暗示圆盘状化石与Pararenicola可能分别为Protoarenicola状藻类的固着器与管状体。
固着器联结(holdfast coalescence)是在现生底栖藻类中常见的一种现象,即两个或多个藻类个体(或孢子)实现物理接触与融合,随后便共同生长。固着器联结有助于增强藻类锚定基底的能力、加快藻类生长速度和增加藻类繁殖的成功率。淮南地区九里桥组发育多套内碎屑灰岩层和多种沉积构造,如波痕、斜层理以及被截断的叠层石,表明九里桥组沉积环境为中等强度的水动力条件,偶尔受到高强度水动力条件的影响。由于较强的水动力条件会增加藻类被连根拔起的危险,可能促使了圆盘状化石之间(被解释为离散的固着器,图1I-N)以及Protoarenicola固着器之间发生联结作用(图3K-M)。
研究通过查阅相关文献,发现固着器联结的现象在其他拉伸纪地层产出的底栖藻类中也确实存在,包括金山寨组(~820–720 Ma)和Hulkal组(~900–800 Ma)的Protoarenicola标本、Snail Spring组(~990–775 Ma)的Longfengshania标本;从而研究推测固着器联结可能已经成为拉伸纪底栖藻类为应对较强的水动力环境而普遍采用的策略。
具开口的圆盘状化石在中元古代-拉伸纪地层Semri群、龙山组(骆驼岭组)、Bhander 群也有发现。如果九里桥组具开口圆盘状化石的解释能够适用于上述标本,那么底栖藻类出现的时间至少可追溯至中元古代早期。底栖藻类在成冰纪之前的海洋生态系统和生物地球化学循环中发挥的作用就很可能被低估了。从中元古代至拉伸纪,具开口的圆盘状化石产地逐渐增多,但其整体形态并未发生大的变化,直到埃迪卡拉纪才出现更多类型的藻类固着器,这种长期的形态停滞可能与成冰纪之前表面具微生物席、缺少生物扰动的基底特征有关。
本研究得到科技部国家重点研发计划青年科学家项目、国家自然科学基金、中国科学院、现代古生物学和地层学国家重点实验室、中科院青促会、中国博士后科学基金、“深时数字地球”国际大科学计划等联合资助。
论文相关信息:Li, G., Pang, K.*, Tang, Q., Chen, L., Wu, C., Huang, R., Wan, B., Yuan, X., Zhou, C. 2023. Tonian discoidal fossils from North China: Relating discs to worm-like annulated tubes and their paleoecological and evolutionary implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 628: 111780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111780.
图1 具开口的圆盘状化石(A-F, I-N)和Chuaria化石(G, H)
图2 具开口圆盘状化石、Chuaria和Protoarenicola固着器直径的分布特征(左);圆形开口的直径分布图(右)
图3 Protoarenicola(A-M)和Pararenicola(N-P)
图4 拉曼光谱揭示的化学空间分布图
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自主研发X射线荧光分析仪在贵州龙埋藏学研究中的应用
南京古生物所改进了目前国际上最先进的大幅面材料表面化学元素扫描设备(如德国Bruke的X射线荧光分析仪M6)存在的缺陷,研制了可以分析不规则、立体化石表面的化学元素分布的X射线荧光无损分析仪,部分创新技术已经在两个发明专利中公开。
我们在博物馆等场所看到的古生物复原模型通常是根据其骨骼化石与现代生物对比而创作的,充满了人们对力量的渴望以及对健美的想象。然而,由于肌肉和内脏等软体在生物死亡后通常会很快腐烂,无法在地层中保存下来,因此仅通过硬体化石很难复原生物的真实外形。譬如,活跃在2亿多年前的贵州龙,它们的身材是有强健肌肉还是一身肥膘?样貌是像胸前有个大气囊的蜥蜴,抑或是有个大肚子的鳄鱼?
生物死亡后埋藏在沉积物(如泥沙)中,其肌肉、内脏在腐烂过程中会产生各种化学物质,如大量的有机酸、还原性物质、二氧化碳、硫化氢,甚至氨气等等,这些物质会跟周围的沉积物发生反应形成新的矿物或改变原有的组成,影响范围可能达到几厘米甚至更厚。这些新物质的颜色、结构与围岩基本一样,用肉眼和显微镜通常难以分辨。然而,这些改变了的沉积物却往往有不同于周围沉积物的化学元素背景,因此可以用化石及其围岩表面的化学元素分布,追寻这些新物质也就是生物软体的形状或轮廓的线索。
常见的表面化学元素分布测量仪器,如电子显微镜及能谱,只能分析毫米级以下尺寸样品。仅有的用来分析大型化石表面化学元素分布的仪器设备,则需要将化石打磨或切割成一个平面并放入真空系统中才能进行准确分析。因为分析条件需要保持固定的样品和X射线光源及检测器之间的距离,样品表面光洁,并排除周围的氧气和氮气。因此这种对样品的破坏性预处理,不能满足我们对珍稀化石标本进行无损研究的需要。
为解决上述问题,中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所王伟研究员课题组,基于多方面的创新设计,改进了目前国际上最先进的大幅面材料表面化学元素扫描设备(如德国Bruker的X射线荧光分析仪M6)存在的缺陷,研制了可以分析不规则、立体化石表面的化学元素分布的X射线荧光无损分析仪,部分创新技术已经在两个发明专利中公开。
该自主设计研制的最新设备的技术及原理创新点包括:1)根据化石表面的3D结构形态,确定每个测量点的X射线光源和检测器的空间位置,从而保证每个测量点都有一致的X射线光源到样品及样品到检测器之间的距离,而不需要对化石样品进行磨平破坏;2)用多通道旋转氦气柱在测量区域内形成几乎没有氧气和氮气等的测试环境,有效替代测量所需的真空条件;3)用激光束辅助光线测量化石等样品表面的粗糙度,并对检测到的X射线荧光进行校正,免去了需要对样品表面进行抛光的预处理要求;4)整个系统可简易拆装,方便在不同环境,甚至可以对野外不可移动样品开展无损检测;5)通过多图叠加,可以分析表面积更大的样品。
课题组利用此设备对一块贵州龙化石表面的钙和铁元素的分布规律进行了初步研究,发现:1)贵州龙前胸部相比较腹部,钙元素分布面积更广,指示其前胸部软体可能更加膨大;2)该贵州龙腐烂降解过程中,其内脏或腐烂产物更有可能从前胸溃烂口以及口腔处形成的通道流出;3)化石标本头部颞窝及附近位置出现元素分布异常,推测该位置可能存在人为修补的可能。
该设备除了可以用于研究具有不规则表面岩石、化石和文物等表面的化学元素的分布以外,还可以用于分析具有不规则表面的建筑、金属结构材料、野外场地等物质的元素分布。
作者在文中强调,随着“物联网”和“工业互联网”的广泛应用,满足古生物学家需求的专业设备的设计和开发正在变得简单。技术解决方案和工具设计将成为科学研究的一部分,并将为发现远古生命有关的更新、更有吸引力的证据提供更多的新工具。
该研究得到中国科学院和国家自然科学基金委员会的联合资助。
论文相关信息:Wang, W., Shu, L., & Wang, D. (2023). Soft body reconstruction of a reptile fossil by the nondestructive elemental mapping with a newly designed XRF. Island Arc, 32(1), e12495. https://doi.org/10.1111/iar.12495.
大数据集:Wei WANG, Ling SHU, Deqi WANG. 4887 measured points by XRF under the distance (X-ray source-sample-detector) calibrated [DS/OL]. V1. Science Data Bank, 2022. DOI:10.57760/sciencedb.06605.
两个相关的已授权发明专利:http://epub.cnipa.gov.cn/patent/CN111624218B;http://epub.cnipa.gov.cn/patent/CN111595883B.
图1 经过形态校正的化石表面钙元素分布图。
A为化石标本,B为化石的3D形状模型(红色-黄色等突出部分为凸起的骨骼),C为经形态校正的化石表面的钙元素分布(如躯体和颈部之间的大片区域的钙含量比周围高)
图2 研制的设备的原理框架图和原型机。
图3 化石标本上钙和铁的分布。
(a)和(c)中红色较深部位,可能是软躯体较厚的位置和腐烂产物的排出通道。其中(c)中显示,化石颅部的部分位置(如颞窝)的钙元素分布异常底(浅蓝色),说明岩石存在被人为后期修补的可能
图4 两种形态(a-c)和表面特征(d-e)的校正机理;克服了国际上最先进的设备需要将珍贵化石标本进行磨平抛光的破坏性分析方法的缺陷。
图5 设备启动封面界面和软件相应的功能键。
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藏北羌塘中部中央隆起带中再次发现古特提斯洋重要证据
为探究古特提斯洋的早期演化及其与原特提斯洋的关系等地质学者长期关注且存在争议的科学问题,中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所科考团队多次前往羌塘盆地中部开展科学考察。在2020年的考察中,科考人员在尼玛县荣玛乡北部冈塘错一带发现了放射虫硅质岩。
西藏羌塘盆地是青藏高原北部重要的含有多种资源潜力的盆地,近年来也成为油气、矿产资源勘察的重要地区。但羌塘盆地的构造演化一直是学术界关注和争论的焦点。争论的关键科学问题是羌塘盆地中部的中央隆起带(高压变质带)是原位形成的,抑或是由北侧的金沙江带向南俯冲形成的;另一个科学问题则是判断羌塘盆地中部中央隆起带是代表了原特提斯洋至古特提斯洋的连续演化,还是两个洋盆的独立演化。
为探究古特提斯洋的早期演化及其与原特提斯洋的关系等地质学者长期关注且存在争议的科学问题,中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所科考团队多次前往羌塘盆地中部开展科学考察。在2020年的考察中,科考人员在尼玛县荣玛乡北部冈塘错一带发现了放射虫硅质岩。
近期,南京古生物所副研究员李鑫、研究员张以春等,日本东北大学准教授铃木纪毅(Noritoshi Suzuki),以及南京大学、中国矿业大学(徐州)等同行合作,针对北部冈塘错一带新发现的放射虫硅质岩展开实验和系统研究,发现了重要的晚泥盆世放射虫动物群。相关研究成果发表于国际地学期刊《冈瓦纳研究》(Gondwana Research)上。
放射虫是一种海生浮游生物,广布于世界各海洋;其死亡后,骨骼沉落到海洋底面,在水深大于碳酸盐补偿深度(4000–5000 m)的地区沉积,称为放射虫软泥,此后经过成岩作用形成放射虫硅质岩。羌塘盆地中部“中央隆起带变质岩系”中的蛇绿质混杂岩由变质橄榄岩、堆晶岩、辉长岩、玄武岩、硅质岩和灰岩组成。蛇绿质混杂岩中的硅质岩是代表了基性岩之上的沉积盖层,因此硅质岩中的放射虫动物群可以用来限定蛇绿岩的形成时代,进而追溯古大洋的演化历史。
此次研究在羌塘中部“中央隆起带变质岩系”中发现了晚泥盆世放射虫动物群,其包含Callela parvispinosa Won、Entactinia foveolata Nazarov和 Plenoentactinia pinguis Won等种属。该动物群与前人在双湖县才多茶卡发现的晚泥盆世放射虫构成一个东西向条带,证明羌塘中部的高压变质带具有典型的构造混杂岩特征。研究人员根据晚泥盆世放射虫在特提斯域的分布指出,当时的龙木错双湖缝合带与云南的昌宁–孟连缝合带、泰国的Chiang Mai–Inthanon和Chanthaburi缝合带以及马来西亚的Bentong–Raub缝合带是相连接的,并且共同构成了冈瓦纳和欧亚大陆之间的古特提斯洋主洋盆。
科研人员综合前人关于发现晚泥盆世古特提斯洋内的放射虫硅质岩沉积在多个地区突然出现,且在缝合带中都缺乏更早的放射虫记录,从而推断古特提斯洋可能在晚泥盆世时期打开。
该研究得到国家自然科学基金、科技部第二次青藏科考、中国科学院战略先导专项、中国科学院“率先行动”人才项目和深时数字地球国际大科学计划的联合资助。
论文相关信息:X. Li, N. Suzuki, Y-C Zhang*, H. Zhang, M. Luo, D-X. Yuan, Q-F. Zheng, W-K. Qie, Q. Ju, F. Qiao, H-P. Xu, X-H. Cui, 2024. The central Qiangtang Metamorphic Belt in northern Tibet is an in-situ Paleo-Tethys Ocean: Evidence from newly discovered Late Devonian radiolarians. Gondwana Research, 125, 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.08.005.
图1 冈塘错一带黑色硅质岩中晚泥盆世放射虫动物群
图2 欧亚地区晚泥盆世放射虫动物群分布
图3 古特提斯洋的演化及龙木错–双湖缝合带的形成
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华南晚奥陶世生物礁揭示冰室气候下的混合型碳酸盐岩记录
近期,中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所副研究员李启剑、研究员李越等科研人员,与英国布鲁内尔大学教授Stephen Kershaw及曲阜师范大学等的相关学者对浙赣交界的晚奥陶世生物礁开展了多次联合野外考察,揭示了华南晚奥陶世冰室气候下的混合型碳酸盐岩记录。
纵观46亿年的地质历史,全球可识别出“温室气候”与“冰室气候”两种大的气候类型;两类气候相互交替出现,持续时间长短不一。其中,冰室气候类型又可进一步划分为寒冷“冰期”与冰期之间较为温暖的“间冰期”。
在距今4.85-4.43亿年前的奥陶纪,世界各地的岩石中不仅记录了海洋生态系统中的一次大型生物辐射事件,而且还为生物演化的关键时期从“温室气候”向“冰室气候”的转变提供了诸多证据。
近期,中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所副研究员李启剑、研究员李越等科研人员,与英国布鲁内尔大学教授Stephen Kershaw及曲阜师范大学等的相关学者对浙赣交界的晚奥陶世生物礁开展了多次联合野外考察,揭示了华南晚奥陶世冰室气候下的混合型碳酸盐岩记录。相关成果于近期在国际期刊《三古》(Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology)上发表。
研究人员在实验室运用大规模磨制抛光面并有针对性地配合显微薄片,结合阴极发光等研究手段,揭示了江西玉山鸡头山剖面三衢山组下段礁灰岩中“串管海绵-钙质微生物-同沉积胶结物”三位一体的独特构造。该构造常表现为“葡萄串”状的串管海绵与珊瑚形钙质疑问生物Amsassia相互缠绕,形成生物礁格架岩的基本支撑结构,并被钙质微生物和大量胶结物包裹加固。薄片中阴极发光结果表明胶结物至少包括3个世代,最早的一个世代为等厚胶结物,以暗淡的阴极发光为特征,显著区别于后两个世代,代表了同沉积期的产物。
研究结果表明:浅海同沉积胶结作用在中-晚奥陶世的生物礁中显著增强。丰富的同沉积胶结物在现代珊瑚礁的构建起到至关重要的作用,为骨骼堆积形成的礁格架提供了不同程度抗浪能力和刚性结构。然而,在奥陶系生物礁的相关研究中,同沉积胶结物的作用被长期忽视,直到近年来在北美和我国华北才有个别案例被报道,此类胶结物在礁体中的作用才得到关注。
结合以上案例,华南江西三衢山组的生物礁代表了冰室气候下典型的混合组份型碳酸盐岩记录:后生动物骨骼、钙质微生物和同沉积胶结物共同构建了此类礁体。除了古气候等环境因素,伴随着生物辐射事件的发生,不断增强的海底生物扰动等生物反馈因素也可能对同沉积胶结物的广泛发育起到重要作用。
本研究得到了国家自然科学基金委、中国科学院青年创新促进会等的资助。
论文相关信息: Li, Q.J.*, Na, L., Yu, S.Y., Mao, Y.Y., Kershaw, S., Yue, L., 2023. Katian (Late Ordovician) sphinctozoan-bearing reefs: Hybrid carbonates before the glacial maximum. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 624(15): 111642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111642.
图1. 玉山鸡头山剖面三衢山组下段生物礁微相照片。A. 生物礁格架岩,显示丛花海绵(Co)等生物骨骼原地堆积形成的支撑结构;B. 丛花海绵与珊瑚形钙质疑问生物Amsassia(Am)的钙质骨骼相互缠绕形成的生物礁格架细节C. 丛花海绵化石(Co)及其外管(Ex)结构细节(黄色三角显示海绵化石外壁,红色三角显示沿内壁生长的同沉积胶结物);D.钙质微生物(Al)结壳包裹在 丛花海绵(Co)外壁表面。
图2. 生物礁中胶结物的细节。A&C: 单偏光显微照片;B&D: 阴极发光显微照片(数字标注不同世代的胶结物,黄色三角标注同一视域不同照片之间的定位点)。
图3. 奥陶纪生物礁中生物组成及非生物组份的变迁,显示海底同沉积胶结作用的显著加强。
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硅酸盐硼同位素测定方法获得发明专利授权
近期,中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所与东华理工大学合作研发的一种基于水解Na2O2碱融法的硅酸盐硼同位素测定方法获得发明专利授权(授权公告号:CN 116067740B)。
近期,中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所与东华理工大学合作研发的一种基于水解Na2O2碱融法的硅酸盐硼同位素测定方法获得发明专利授权(授权公告号:CN 116067740B)。
硼同位素是地球与行星科学研究中的一个重要工具。但是精确测量硅酸盐的硼同位素存在一定的挑战,其主要原因源于样品消解。碱熔法是一种适合于硅酸盐样品的熔样方法。可目前用于测量硅酸盐硼同位素的碱熔法采用的铂金价格昂贵,成本高;或是玻璃碳坩埚和较高的助熔剂比例导致测量效率低等问题。而且,现有的碱融法在样品和试剂前处理过程中存在工艺流程复杂和准确性较差的问题。
为了解决现有技术中的难题,本发明提供了一种安全且高效的硅酸盐硼同位素测定方法。该方法以水合过氧化钠作为助溶剂,采用廉价的银坩埚和马弗炉,在最大限度降低助溶剂用量的同时实现了硅酸盐样品硼含量和硼同位素组成的精准测试。该方法对地球深部水循环、矿产资源勘探、地球与行星演化等研究领域具有重大的作用。
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Science发表原论文作者团队对两篇评述云南虫论文的回应
原论文报道了云南虫化石的鳃弓由叠盘状软骨细胞结构和含有微原纤维构造的细胞外基质组成,被认为符合脊椎动物的特征。研究还通过系统发育分析,显示云南虫最有可能是基干脊椎动物。
2022年7月8日,中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所研究员朱茂炎领衔的“地球-生命系统早期演化”研究团队和南京大学地球科学与工程学院教授姜宝玉课题组合作在《科学》(Science)期刊上发表了澄江动物群云南虫化石的研究论文<!--[if supportFields]>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1126/science.abm2708","ISSN":"0036-8075","abstract":"Pharyngeal
arches are a key innovation that likely contributed to the evolution of the
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pharyngeal (branchial) arch evolved from an unjointed cartilaginous rod in
vertebrate ancestors such as that in the nonvertebrate chordate amphioxus, but
whether such ancestral anatomy existed remains unknown. The pharyngeal skeleton
of controversial Cambrian animals called yunnanozoans may contain the oldest
fossil evidence constraining the early evolution of the arches, yet its
correlation with that of vertebrates is still disputed. By examining additional
specimens in previously unexplored techniques (for example, x-ray
microtomography, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and energy
dispersive spectrometry element mapping), we found evidence that yunnanozoan
branchial arches consist of cellular cartilage with an extracellular matrix
dominated by microfibrils, a feature hitherto considered specific to
vertebrates. Our phylogenetic analysis provides further support that
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vertebrates.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tian","given":"Qingyi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhao","given":"Fangchen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zeng","given":"Han","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhu","given":"Maoyan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jiang","given":"Baoyu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6602","issued":{"date-parts":[["2022","7","8"]]},"language":"English","page":"218-222","publisher-place":"Nanjing
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210023, Peoples R China","title":"Ultrastructure reveals
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2022)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<![endif]-->(Tian et al., 2022)<!--[if supportFields]><![endif]-->(以下称为原论文)。原论文报道了云南虫化石的鳃弓由叠盘状软骨细胞结构和含有微原纤维构造的细胞外基质组成,被认为符合脊椎动物的特征。研究还通过系统发育分析,显示云南虫最有可能是基干脊椎动物。
2023年7月28日,《科学》(Science)同时发表了两篇针对原论文的评述文章和原论文作者团队的回应文章。在第一篇评述中,He等对云南虫叠盘状软骨细胞结构和微原纤维基质的解释提出了不同观点,并据此定义了不同于原论文的云南虫分类位置<!--[if supportFields]>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1126/science.ade9707","ISSN":"0036-8075","abstract":"Tian
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“fibrillin microfibers”, and “subchordal rod” associated with the branchial
arches of yunnanozoans. However, we reject the presence of cellular cartilage,
fibrillin, and the phylogenetic proposal of vertebrate affinities based on
ultrastructure and morphology of yunnanozoans from more than 8000
specimens.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"He","given":"Kaiyue","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Liu","given":"Jianni","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Han","given":"Jian","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ou","given":"Qiang","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chen","given":"Ailin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhang","given":"Zhifei","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fu","given":"Dongjing","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hua","given":"Hong","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhang","given":"Xingliang","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shu","given":"Degan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6656","issued":{"date-parts":[["2023","7","28"]]},"title":"Comment
on “Ultrastructure reveals ancestral vertebrate pharyngeal skeleton in
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CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1126/science.adf1472","ISSN":"0036-8075","abstract":"Tian
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are stem vertebrates, based partly on their observation at the nanometer scale
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to represent cellular cartilage with an extracellular matrix of microfibrils.
Instead, we argue that the ‘microfibrils’ are more likely modern organic
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CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1126/science.adf3363","ISSN":"0036-8075","abstract":"He
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alternative interpretations on these structures. Zhang and Pratt argue that the
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interpretations and dismiss the alternative
interpretations.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tian","given":"Qingyi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhao","given":"Fangchen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zeng","given":"Han","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhu","given":"Maoyan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jiang","given":"Baoyu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6656","issued":{"date-parts":[["2023","7","28"]]},"title":"Response
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He等认为鳃棒是中空的管状结构,鳃棒的细胞状结构是中空的鳃丝根部形态(图1A)。但是,He等评述文章中展示的化石照片(图1B)显示鳃棒并非中空,含有紧密堆叠的细胞状结构。这些细胞状结构与鳃丝并没有一一对应(图1C)。原作者团队的显微CT扫描数据从多个角度揭示鳃棒不是中空的,而是由多排2–3个细胞状结构组成。这些细胞状结构呈密闭的空心球状,与鳃棒两侧的鳃丝并不相通,排除了是鳃丝根部形态的可能(图2)。
图1.云南虫鳃弓形态。(A)He等评述文章中的鳃弓复原图认为鳃棒呈中空管状。(B–C)原作者团队根据He等提供的化石照片(B)重新解释了鳃棒内部并非中空,而是由多排2–3个细胞状结构组成(C)。(A–B)来自<!--[if supportFields]>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
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图2.回应文章中展示的云南虫鳃弓的CT三维渲染和切片。(A)鳃棒内部并不是中空管状,而是由多排细胞状结构组成。(B–F)三个方向的切片都显示细胞状结构是密闭空心的,与鳃丝并不相通,不是鳃丝根部底座。比例尺均为100 μm。修改自<!--[if supportFields]>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
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interpretations and dismiss the alternative
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He等评述还认为微原纤维可能是黏土矿物。但是,黏土矿物主要由硅、铝、镁、铁元素组成。回应中新的元素分析结果再次显示微原纤维以碳元素为主(图3),与原论文中的元素和光谱分析结果一致<!--[if supportFields]>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1126/science.abm2708","ISSN":"0036-8075","abstract":"Pharyngeal
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pharyngeal (branchial) arch evolved from an unjointed cartilaginous rod in
vertebrate ancestors such as that in the nonvertebrate chordate amphioxus, but
whether such ancestral anatomy existed remains unknown. The pharyngeal skeleton
of controversial Cambrian animals called yunnanozoans may contain the oldest
fossil evidence constraining the early evolution of the arches, yet its
correlation with that of vertebrates is still disputed. By examining additional
specimens in previously unexplored techniques (for example, x-ray
microtomography, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and energy
dispersive spectrometry element mapping), we found evidence that yunnanozoan
branchial arches consist of cellular cartilage with an extracellular matrix
dominated by microfibrils, a feature hitherto considered specific to
vertebrates. Our phylogenetic analysis provides further support that
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图3. 透射电镜样品的高角环形暗场像(HAADF-STEM)和能量色散X射线光谱,显示了化石微原纤维区域主要由碳元素组成。修改自<!--[if supportFields]>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
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Zhang和Pratt认为含有微原纤维的碳膜可能是覆盖在化石表面的现代有机污染物。回应文章中逐步放大的扫描电镜照片显示,不同于现代污染物是覆盖在化石和沉积物表面的,含有微原纤维的碳膜嵌入了沉积物之中(图4)。同时,回应文章指出原论文中碳膜的傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和地质历史时期形成的有机残留物相似,都具有明显的脂肪族CH3、CH2和芳香族C=C吸收峰,且缺失现代有机物的一系列特征吸收峰,排除了来源于现代污染物的可能。
图4.逐步放大的扫描电镜照片。(A–F)在化石表面,碳膜上有沉积物颗粒覆盖;(G–L)在化石截面上,碳膜被紧紧地夹在两层沉积物之间。红色三角形指示沉积物颗粒,白色三角形指示微原纤维构造。来自<!--[if supportFields]>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1126/science.adf3363","ISSN":"0036-8075","abstract":"He
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上述新证据进一步支持了云南虫具有脊椎动物特有的软骨鳃弓,且含有微原纤维的碳膜是古代有机物,排除了评述中推测的黏土矿物或现代有机污染物的可能。原论文发表的一年以来,受到了全世界学者的广泛关注。截止至2023年7月28日,Web of Science数据库显示原论文已被他人引用6次。其中,5篇论文接受了原论文提出的云南虫属于脊椎动物干群的观点<!--[if supportFields]>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/1755-6724.15027","ISSN":"1000-9515","abstract":"Systematic
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and does not provide information about early vertebrates, in contrast to the
traditional view that this ammocoete stage resembles the first vertebrates. The
evidence behind this revolutionary claim comes from fossil lampreys from
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complex filter-feeding structures are highly similar in ammocoetes and the
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– their pharynx, oral cavity, mouth opening, lips and filter-feeding mode (but,
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{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3389/feart.2023.1120118","ISSN":"2296-6463","abstract":"Genic
and genomic data have been reshaping our understanding of the earliest
radiation event of metazoans, the well-known Cambrian Evolutionary Radiation,
not only from the respects of reshuffling the phylogenetic topologies of some
animal phyla but by deciphering the deep homologies of many morphological
features. These advances, together with the continuing discoveries of the
Ediacaran-Cambrian fossils, are unveiling the cladogenetic process of the early
metazoans and the patterns of morphologic evolution during this biological
radiation event. In this review, I focus on a small but challenging field, the
problematic fossils from the early Cambrian fossil Lagerst?tten, such as the
Chengjiang biota, mainly on the controversies concerning their interpretation
and the consequent impacts on understanding the early evolution of animals. The
bizarre body plans of the early Cambrian problematica alone do not account for
the difficulties in studying their biology and affinity. Instead, it is the
combined action of the taphonomic artifacts and the uncertainty in homologizing
the preserved characters that impede generating plausible interpretations.
Despite all these issues, a testable and repeatable method for interpreting
fossils has emerged and is becoming more practicable. The integration of an
evolutionary-grade conceptual frame is beneficial to the interpretation of the
Cambrian problematic fossils. Together with the focus on taphonomic alternation
and homologic assessment, the Cambrian problematic fossils are becoming more
informative nodes in the “parsing tree” of early animal
evolution.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cong","given":"Peiyun","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Frontiers
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该回应文章的发表得到了中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(B类)、国家自然科学基金委、现代古生物学和地层学国家重点实验室、南京大学优秀博士研究生创新能力提升计划等基金的大力支持。
原论文相关信息:
Tian, Q., Zhao, F., Zeng, H., Zhu, M., Jiang, B., 2022. Ultrastructure reveals ancestral vertebrate pharyngeal skeleton in yunnanozoans. Science. 377, 218–222. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abm2708.
回应文章相关信息:
Tian, Q., Zhao, F., Zeng, H., Zhu, M., Jiang, B., 2023. Response to Comments on “Ultrastructure reveals ancestral vertebrate pharyngeal skeleton in yunnanozoans.” Science. 381, eadf3363. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adf3363.
评述文章相关信息:
He, K., Liu, J., Han, J., Ou, Q., Chen, A., Zhang, Z., Fu, D., Hua, H., Zhang, X., Shu, D., 2023. Comment on “Ultrastructure reveals ancestral vertebrate pharyngeal skeleton in yunnanozoans.” Science. 381, eade9707. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ade9707.
Zhang, X., Pratt, B.R., 2023. Comment on “Ultrastructure reveals ancestral vertebrate pharyngeal skeleton in yunnanozoans.” Science. 381, eadf1472. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adf1472.
参考文献:
Cong, P., 2023. The early animal radiation: insights from interpreting the Cambrian problematic fossils. Front. Earth Sci. 11, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1120118.
Johanson, Z., 2023. Vertebrate cranial evolution: contributions and conflict from the fossil record. Evol. Dev. 25, 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.12422.
Mallatt, J., 2023. Vertebrate origins are informed by larval lampreys (ammocoetes): a response to Miyashita et al. , 2021. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 197, 287–321. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac086.
Mikami, T., Ikeda, T., Muramiya, Y., Hirasawa, T., Iwasaki, W., 2023. Three‐dimensional anatomy of the Tully monster casts doubt on its presumed vertebrate affinities. Palaeontology 66, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12646.
Onai, T., Aramaki, T., Takai, A., Kakiguchi, K., Yonemura, S., 2023. Cranial cartilages: players in the evolution of the cranium during evolution of the chordates in general and of the vertebrates in particular. Evol. Dev. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.12433.
Xiao, S., 2022. Extinctions, morphological gaps, major transitions, stem groups, and the origin of major clades, with a focus on early animals. Acta Geol. Sin. - English Ed. 96, 1821–1829. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.15027.
-
遗迹群落指示浊流引发的海底氧化事件及其动态过程
科研人员利用岩相和微相特征,恢复了研究层段的沉积过程;并通过遗迹学分析,识别出研究层段遗迹群落类型及其代表的相对氧含量水平。在此基础上,研究人员重建了晚二叠世上寺地区贫氧盆地内浊流沉积过程中底栖生物定殖序列及其反映的海底动态氧化过程。
遗迹化石是指地质历史时期生物在沉积物表面或其内部产生的各种生命活动记录,包括足迹、移迹、潜穴、钻孔和其它构造(如根系内模、蛋化石和粪化石等)。由单个底栖生物群落产生的遗迹化石组合称为遗迹群落。遗迹群落是重建沉积环境、恢复古环境参数(如相对氧含量、水深、盐度等)的有力工具。然而,时间平均效应和生物潜穴间的相互穿插破坏往往为遗迹群落的识别、分析和应用带来困难。
另外,在现代局限的贫氧盆地中,浊流是分层水体混合的普遍方式,可以显著改变深层水体的化学成分和氧含量。但在地质历史时期,浊流相关的氧化事件却很少报道。作为沉积盆地内贫氧水体氧化的一种普遍机制,浊流的作用没有得到应有的重视。
最近,中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所晚古生代研究团队副研究员郑全锋和研究员曹长群,对四川广元上寺剖面上二叠统大隆组上段层序进行了高精度沉积学和遗迹学研究。科研人员利用岩相和微相特征,恢复了研究层段的沉积过程;并通过遗迹学分析,识别出研究层段遗迹群落类型及其代表的相对氧含量水平。在此基础上,研究人员重建了晚二叠世上寺地区贫氧盆地内浊流沉积过程中底栖生物定殖序列及其反映的海底动态氧化过程。该研究成果在线发表于地学类国际期刊《地质学杂志》(Geological Journal)。
研究发现,研究层段主要由代表背景沉积的黑色页岩和代表快速浊流沉积的细粒浊积灰岩组成。黑色页岩中发育水平层理,生物扰动微弱,缺乏原生的生物潜穴构造(黑色页岩沉积过程中底栖生物形成的潜穴构造);指示了缺氧的海底环境。
浊积灰岩中生物扰动强烈,发育大量原生的生物潜穴构造。依据潜穴间的截切关系和潜穴充填物特征,典型浊积灰岩中的遗迹化石可以划分为三期遗迹群落:(1)最早期的Thalassinoides/?Scolicia遗迹群落,所属分子包括Thalassinoides/?Scolicia、Zoophycos和Planolites,该遗迹群落具有最大的最大潜穴直径和最大穿透深度,代表了三个遗迹群落中最高的氧含量水平;(2)稍晚期的Planolites-Zoophycos遗迹群落,包括Planolites、Zoophycos、大型Chondrites和小型Chondrites,该遗迹群落具有中等大小的最大潜穴直径和最大穿透深度,代表了三个遗迹群落中中等水平的氧含量;(3)最晚期的Zoophycos遗迹群落,仅发育Zoophycos一个遗迹属,该遗迹群落具有最小的最大潜穴直径和最大穿透深度,以及最低的遗迹属分异度,代表了三个遗迹群落中最低的氧含量水平。其中,Thalassinoides/?Scolicia遗迹群落形成于浊流沉积的晚期和沉积后不久,指示了最为氧化的海底环境;Planolites-Zoophycos遗迹群落形成于浊流沉积之后的稍晚阶段,指示了较为还原的海底环境;Zoophycos遗迹群落形成于浊流沉积之后的更晚阶段,指示了更为还原的海底环境。
该项研究表明,在贫氧盆地内,来自浅水区的沉积物浊流可以为深层水体带去丰富的氧气,局部性氧化贫氧的海底环境,并对底栖生物产生显著影响。
该项研究得到了国家自然科学基金委和中国科学院战略性先导科技专项的共同资助。
论文相关信息:Zheng, Q.F.*, Cao, C.Q., 2023. Dynamic process of turbidity current-induced benthic-marine oxygenation evidenced by sequential ichnocoenoses: An example from a Late Permian oxygen-deficient basin. Geological Journal, https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4837.
图1 研究层段岩相(a)、微相(b ~ f)和沉积柱状图(g)
图2 研究层段岩石光片照片(a)及素描图(b)
图3 研究层段沉积过程、遗迹群落定殖序列和海底氧化还原条件动态变化示意图
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琥珀标本揭示了线虫寄生行为的演化
近期,中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所科研人员与美、英同行等合作,通过16块缅甸克钦琥珀(约1亿年前)中索线虫及其寄主的标本开展研究,进而揭示了线虫寄生行为的早期演化历史。相关成果于2023年7月14日发表在Nature Index (NI)期刊eLife。
线虫广泛分布于几乎所有的表层环境中,但由于体型小,无硬质结构,其化石记录极为稀少。索线虫是一类特殊的线虫,和其它线虫相比,索线虫体型大,琥珀中有不少索线虫及其寄主共同保存的化石。近期,中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所科研人员与美、英同行等合作,通过16块缅甸克钦琥珀(约1亿年前)中索线虫及其寄主的标本开展研究,进而揭示了线虫寄生行为的早期演化历史。相关成果于2023年7月14日发表在Nature Index (NI)期刊eLife。
线虫是生物圈食物网的重要组成部分,能够促进营养元素循环,对地球的生态环境有重要影响。索线虫主要寄生于各类无脊椎动物,如昆虫、马陆、蜘蛛、甲壳动物、软体动物和环节动物等。它们可以改变寄主的形态、生理特征甚至操控寄主的行为。在索线虫发育成熟离开寄主之后,寄主通常会死亡,因此索线虫被认为是一种可靠的生物防治工具,尤其是可以用来防治传播疟疾的蚊子。
索线虫化石之前主要报道于始新世的波罗的海琥珀(11种)和中新世多米尼加琥珀中(9种),白垩纪的化石只有4种,新生代之前的化石记录非常罕见。因此,我们对索线虫寄生行为的早期演化知之甚少。南京古生物所博士生罗慈航在研究员王博的指导下对缅甸克钦琥珀索线虫标本开展了系统研究。
此次研究发现16块与其寄主共同保存的索线虫标本包含了9个索线虫新种,将索线虫在白垩纪的物种多样性翻了3倍多(从4种到13种)。同时,这些索线虫的寄主分布于昆虫9个目,这使得克钦琥珀的索线虫寄主的多样性显著高于波罗的海琥珀(6个目)和多米尼加琥珀(3个目)。研究表明,索线虫的寄生行为在白垩纪就已经广泛出现,可能已经起到了调节昆虫种群数量的作用,并在陆地生态系统中扮演了重要角色。
同时,研究发现这16块缅甸克钦琥珀索线虫标本中有12块标本中的寄主种类是之前未知的。不论是在现代记录还是化石记录中,都没有线虫寄生石蛃(一类原始的无翅昆虫)的报道,但此次研究化石中记录了一枚索线虫寄生石蛃目昆虫标本。与之类似,之前从来没有索线虫寄生啮虫(俗称书虱)的例子,但在缅甸克钦琥珀中却发现了三枚标本,这表明白垩纪啮虫可能被索线虫广泛寄生。而孔瓢蜡蝉是一类已经灭绝的蜡蝉,也有两枚标本被索线虫寄生,这也是蜡蝉被线虫寄生最古老的记录。同时,研究人员发现索线虫还寄生了蜻蜓(蜻蜓目)、蠼螋(革翅目)、蟋蟀(直翅目)和蟑螂(蜚蠊目),这四个昆虫类群会被现代的索线虫寄生,但在化石中是首次发现。
另外,本研究还发现在白垩纪中期的缅甸克钦琥珀中,被索线虫寄生的9个昆虫目中只有1个目属于全变态类昆虫(全变态类昆虫是经过完全变态发育的昆虫类群,一生有卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫四个虫期)。在波罗的海琥珀中,6个昆虫目有4个都是全变态类昆虫,在多米尼加琥珀中,3个昆虫目全部都是全变态类。通过进一步统计之前所有的线虫的化石记录,研究发现相同的情况不只出现在索线虫中,也出现在整个线虫类群中。在白垩纪中期的克钦琥珀中,只有大约40%的寄主属于全变态类,但是到了新生代的波罗的海和多米尼加琥珀,80%的寄主都属于全变态类。全变态类昆虫在白垩纪时期已经是占绝对优势的昆虫类群,它们也是现生线虫最主要的寄主。研究表明,至少在白垩纪中期之前,线虫更倾向于寄生非全变态类昆虫。此研究揭示了线虫寄生行为的早期演化历史,研究推测线虫与全变态类昆虫之间广泛的寄生关系可能要到新生代才出现。
索线虫在白垩纪展现出的高度寄主多样性让我们得以一窥地质历史时期线虫与寄主的相互关系及其演化历史,为我们重建白垩纪陆地生态系统提供了直接证据,也为我们理解现代生态系统的起源和早期演化提供了新视野。当期杂志配发了由波兰和美国学者撰写的Insight评论文章,认为该成果为研究寄生虫与其宿主的演化提供了范例,使人们能够更好地评估现生物种的灭绝风险。
本研究得到了国家自然科学基金委、中国科学院和科技部的资助。
论文相关信息:Luo Cihang, Poinar G.O., Xu Chunpeng, Zhuo De, Jarzembowski E.A., Wang Bo, 2023. Widespread mermithid nematode parasitism of Cretaceous insects. eLife 12, e86283. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.86283
Insight评论文章信息:De Baets K., Vanadzina K., Schiffbauer J., 2023. Trapped in time. eLife 12, e90008. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.90008
图1 昆虫被索线虫寄生(第一部分)
图2 昆虫被索线虫寄生(第二部分)
图3 索线虫寄生昆虫的化石记录
图4 从白垩纪到新生代线虫寄主在三大琥珀生物群的演变
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华北板块吉南地区前寒武系-寒武系界线研究取得新进展
近期,中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所早期生命研究团队与南京大学和弗吉尼亚理工大学等人合作,对吉林白山地区浑江群顶部的青沟子组进行了系统的生物地层学研究,并从中获得大量保存精美的有机质壁微体化石,其中很多属种都是该地区的首次报道。
前寒武系—寒武系界线是最重要的地质界线之一,然而这一地质界线在全球范围内并不都是连续沉积。前寒武系-寒武系界线处的“大不整合(Great Unconformity)”在世界各地都有报道,被认为可能是寒武纪大爆发的环境诱因。然而,“大不整合”的驱动机制、持续时间和古地理范围仍然存在广泛争议。
华北板块吉南地区发育一套中—新元古代厚层海相碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩地层,其中不乏精美的有机质壁微体化石以及宏体碳质压膜化石。由于缺乏精确的年龄数据,对这套地层的时代归属和划分对比长期存在着争议,从而阻碍了研究人员对于该地区前寒武纪生物演化和构造历史的深入了解。例如,华北板块东南缘胶辽徐淮地区普遍存在的大不整合面,在吉南地区并没有得到准确识别。
近期,中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所早期生命研究团队副研究员万斌指导硕士研究生郑文涛,与南京大学和弗吉尼亚理工大学等人合作,对吉林白山地区浑江群顶部的青沟子组进行了系统的生物地层学研究,并从中获得大量保存精美的有机质壁微体化石,其中很多属种都是该地区的首次报道。相关成果近期发表在国际期刊《前寒武研究》(Precambrian Research)。
该组地层中的化石类型主要包括丝状体,球形亚类以及带刺疑源类,共计29属41种和3个未命名类型。特别是中元古代晚期-新元古代早期的潜在标准化石Trachyhystrichosphaeraaimika的发现,表明青沟子组应为新元古代大冰期之前的沉积,其与上覆寒武纪水洞组之间存在着超过两亿年的沉积间断。结合前人的研究以及本研究微体化石的证据,表明华北板块东缘前寒武纪-寒武纪界线普遍存在一个超过两亿年的“大不整合”。
本项研究受科技部重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金委、中国科学院、现代古生物学和地层学国家重点实验室、香港博士后基金、中国博士后基金等联合支持。
论文信息:Wentao Zheng, Qing Tang*, Shuhai Xiao, Ke Pang, Junyao Kang, Guangjin Li, Chuanming Zhou, Xunlai Yuan, Bin Wan*. 2023. The Proterozoic Qinggouzi microfossil assemblage and its biostratigraphic constraints on the Great Unconformity in northeastern North China Craton. Precambrian Research. 395: 107130.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2023.107130.
图1 吉林白山地区青沟子组有机质壁微体化石产出层位和分布状态
图2 吉林白山地区青沟子组中的中元古代晚期-新元古代早期潜在标准化石Trachyhystrichosphaeraaimika
图3 华北板块中元古代-新元古代早期产出的有机壁微体化石网络分析图
图4 华北板块东缘新元古代—寒武纪早期综合地层图和“大不整合”的层位限定
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“金字塔”式生物礁分类新方案
近期,中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所副研究员要乐,与英国布鲁内尔大学Stephen Kershaw博士,以及中国科学院院士沈树忠、南京大学教授王向东合作,结合作者们长期生物礁与古环境的研究,对已发表的生物礁定义和分类方案进行了详细的梳理和总结,提出了新的生物礁分类方案,并探讨了显生宙生物礁系统演化过程与古环境变化的关系。相关研究成果发表于国际地学期刊《沉积学》(Sedimentology)上。
生物礁是由底栖固着生物作用形成的原位碳酸盐岩沉积。它具有长达30多亿年的演化历史,前寒武纪以微生物礁系统主导;伴随显生宙后生动物的繁盛,微生物礁系统逐渐被后生动物礁系统取代,仅在生物灭绝事件后出现繁盛。
后生动物礁,例如现代海洋珊瑚礁,具有极高的造礁生物丰度和生物多样性,是海洋中重要的生态系统。显生宙后生动物礁经历了多次繁盛与衰退,与海洋古环境变化密切相关。
由于生物礁具有复杂多样的生物和沉积组成,以及不同学者对生物礁的认识差异,导致生物礁的分类混乱,例如基于主观分类依据、不同生物礁类型缺乏划分界线等。因此,客观清晰的生物礁分类方案是认识海洋生物礁系统演化的基础,对认识现代海洋珊瑚礁的发展趋势、地球宜居性演化等重大科学问题具有重要意义。
近期,中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所副研究员要乐,与英国布鲁内尔大学Stephen Kershaw博士,以及中国科学院院士沈树忠、南京大学教授王向东合作,结合作者们长期生物礁与古环境的研究,对已发表的生物礁定义和分类方案进行了详细的梳理和总结,提出了新的生物礁分类方案,并探讨了显生宙生物礁系统演化过程与古环境变化的关系。相关研究成果发表于国际地学期刊《沉积学》(Sedimentology)上。
该研究基于生物礁的形态、组分、结构等特征,将生物礁划分为两个等级。第一等级(Hierarchical Level 1),基于生物礁形态,将生物礁划分为两种类型:丘状(Bioherm)生物礁具有明显正向隆起、横向分布受限制,和层状(Biostrome)生物礁具有微小正向隆起、横向分布广、与非礁相地层互层展布;第二等级(Hierarchical Level 2),基于生物礁的组分类型:宏体生物(Macroskeleton, S)、微生物(Microbia, Mi)、基质(Matrix, M)和胶结物(Cement, C),以及这些组分的结构关系提出“金字塔”式SMiMaC模型(Pyramid model),将生物礁划分为五种类型:宏体生物骨架礁(S-supported reef)、微生物骨架礁(Mi-supported reef)、基质骨架礁(M-supported reef)、胶结物骨架礁(C-supported reef)、以及混合组分骨架礁(Hybrid component-supported reef)。同时,研究还提出了两种非礁相沉积:碎屑生物层或滩(Debris biostromes/banks)和底栖生物群落(Level-bottom communities)。
基于上述“金字塔”式SMiMaC生物礁分类方案,该研究对显生宙海洋生物礁系统结构演化进行了重建,并对海水古温度、氧化还原状态、碳酸钙饱和度等古环境指标进行了总结。通过显生宙礁系统结构演化过程与古环境变化的对比研究发现,宏体生物和混合组分骨架礁常常发育在气候变冷时期,而微生物和基质骨架礁常常发育于气候急剧变暖时期。
该研究还对现代海洋珊瑚礁在当今全球气候变暖背景下的发展趋势进行了探讨。如当今大气CO2浓度持续升高至~480 ppm,海水表层温度升高2℃,海水碳酸钙饱和度降低至~3.3,海水氧溶解度降低至~125 uM,珊瑚礁系统将会面临崩溃,礁系统结构可能由珊瑚骨架结构向微生物或基质骨架结构转变。
该研究得到国家自然科学基金委、中国科学院青年创新促进会和中科院战略性先导科技专项(B类)的联合资助。
论文相关信息:Yao, L., Kershaw, S., Shen, S.Z., Wang, X.D., 2023. A new reef classification model with insights into Phanerozoic evolution of reef ecosystems. Sedimentology, https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.13099.
图1 “金字塔”式生物礁分类方案与非礁相沉积类型
图2 宏体生物骨架礁(A: 珊瑚骨架礁;B: 层孔虫骨架礁)
图3 微生物骨架礁(A-B: 钙化微生物(calcimicrobe)骨架礁;C-E: 微生物泥晶(agglutinated microbial)骨架礁)
图4 显生宙海洋生物礁系统结构演化与古海水温度、碳酸钙饱和度和氧化还原状态关系,以及现代海洋珊瑚礁在当今变暖背景下可能的礁系统结构演化趋势